Note

Go to the end to download the full example code.

Draw a survival function¶

# sphinx_gallery_thumbnail_number = 9

Introduction¶

The goal of this example is to show how to draw the survival function of a sample or a distribution, in linear and logarithmic scales.

Let $X$ be a random variable with distribution function $F$ :

$F(x) = P(X\leq x)$

for any $x\in\mathbb{R}$ . The survival function $S$ is:

$S(x) = P(X>x) = 1 - P(X\leq x) = 1 - F(x)$

for any $x\in\mathbb{R}$ .

Let us assume that $\{x_1,...,x_N\}$ is a sample from $F$ .

Let $\hat{F}_N$ be the empirical cumulative distribution function:

$\hat{F}_N(x) = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{i=1}^N \mathbf{1}_{x_i\leq x}$

for any $x\in\mathbb{R}$ . Let $\hat{S}_n$ be the empirical survival function:

$\hat{S}_N(x) = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{i=1}^N \mathbf{1}_{x_i>x}$

for any $x\in\mathbb{R}$ .

Motivations for the survival function¶

For many probabilistic models associated with extreme events or lifetime models, the survival function has a simpler expression than the distribution function.

More specifically, several models (e.g., Pareto or Weibull) have a simple expression when we consider the logarithm of the survival function. In this situation, the $(\log(x),\log(S(x)))$ plot is often used. For some distributions, this plot is a straight line.
When we consider probabilities very close to 1 (e.g., with extreme events), a loss of precision can occur when we consider the $1-F(x)$ expression with floating point numbers. This loss of significant digits is known as “catastrophic cancellation” in the bibliography and happens when two close floating point numbers are subtracted. This is one of the reasons why we sometimes use directly the survival function instead of the complementary of the distribution.

Define a distribution¶

import openturns as ot
import openturns.viewer as viewer

ot.Log.Show(ot.Log.NONE)

sigma = 1.4
xi = 0.5
u = 0.1
distribution = ot.GeneralizedPareto(sigma, xi, u)

Draw the survival of a distribution¶

The computeCDF and computeSurvivalFunction compute the CDF $F$ and survival $S$ of a distribution.

p1 = distribution.computeCDF(10.0)
p1

0.9513919027838056

p2 = distribution.computeSurvivalFunction(10.0)
p2

0.048608097216194426

p1 + p2

1.0

The drawCDF and drawSurvivalFunction methods allow one to draw the functions $F$ and $S$ .

graph = distribution.drawCDF()
graph.setTitle("CDF of a distribution")
view = viewer.View(graph)

graph = distribution.drawSurvivalFunction()
graph.setTitle("Survival function of a distribution")
view = viewer.View(graph)

In order to get finite bounds for the next graphics, we compute the xmin and xmax bounds from the 0.01 and 0.99 quantiles of the distributions.

xmin = distribution.computeQuantile(0.01)[0]
xmin

0.11410588272579382

xmax = distribution.computeQuantile(0.99)[0]
xmax

25.29999999999998

The drawSurvivalFunction method also has an option to plot the survival with the X axis in logarithmic scale.

npoints = 50
logScaleX = True
graph = distribution.drawSurvivalFunction(xmin, xmax, npoints, logScaleX)
graph.setTitle("Survival function of a distribution where X axis is in log scale")
view = viewer.View(graph)
# graph

Survival function of a distribution where X axis is in log scale

In order to get both axes in logarithmic scale, we use the LOGXY option of the graph.

npoints = 50
logScaleX = True
graph = distribution.drawSurvivalFunction(xmin, xmax, npoints, logScaleX)
graph.setLogScale(ot.GraphImplementation.LOGXY)
graph.setTitle(
    "Survival function of a distribution where X and Y axes are in log scale"
)
view = viewer.View(graph)
# graph

Survival function of a distribution where X and Y axes are in log scale

Compute the survival of a sample¶

We now generate a sample that we are going to analyze.

sample = distribution.getSample(1000)

sample.getMin(), sample.getMax()

(class=Point name=Unnamed dimension=1 values=[0.103122], class=Point name=Unnamed dimension=1 values=[206.519])

The computeEmpiricalCDF method of a Sample computes the empirical CDF.

p1 = sample.computeEmpiricalCDF([10])
p1

0.953

Activating the second optional argument allows one to compute the empirical survival function.

p2 = sample.computeEmpiricalCDF([10], True)
p2

0.047

p1 + p2

1.0

Draw the survival of a sample¶

In order to draw the empirical functions of a Sample, we use the UserDefined class.

The drawCDF method plots the CDF.
The drawSurvivalFunction method plots the survival function.

userdefined = ot.UserDefined(sample)
graph = userdefined.drawCDF()
graph.setTitle("CDF of a sample")
view = viewer.View(graph)
# graph

graph = userdefined.drawSurvivalFunction()
graph.setTitle("Empirical survival function of a sample")
view = viewer.View(graph)
# graph

As previously, the drawSurvivalFunction method of a distribution has an option to set the X axis in logarithmic scale.

xmin = sample.getMin()[0]
xmax = sample.getMax()[0]
pointNumber = sample.getSize()
logScaleX = True
graph = userdefined.drawSurvivalFunction(xmin, xmax, pointNumber, logScaleX)
graph.setTitle("Empirical survival function of a sample; X axis in log-scale")
view = viewer.View(graph)
# graph

Empirical survival function of a sample; X axis in log-scale

We obviously have $P(X>X_{max})=0$ , where $X_{max}$ is the sample maximum. This prevents from using the sample maximum and have a logarithmic Y axis at the same time. This is why in the following example we restrict the interval where we draw the survival function.

xmin = sample.getMin()[0]
xmax = sample.getMax()[0] - 1  # To avoid log(0) because P(X>Xmax)=0
pointNumber = sample.getSize()
logScaleX = True
graph = userdefined.drawSurvivalFunction(xmin, xmax, pointNumber, logScaleX)
graph.setLogScale(ot.GraphImplementation.LOGXY)
graph.setTitle("Empirical survival function of a sample; X and Y axes in log-scale")
view = viewer.View(graph)
# graph

Empirical survival function of a sample; X and Y axes in log-scale

Compare the distribution and the sample with respect to the survival¶

In the final example, we compare the distribution and sample survival function in the same graphics.

xmin = sample.getMin()[0]
xmax = sample.getMax()[0] - 1  # To avoid log(0) because P(X>Xmax)=0
npoints = 50
logScaleX = True
graph = userdefined.drawSurvivalFunction(xmin, xmax, pointNumber, logScaleX)
graph.setLogScale(ot.GraphImplementation.LOGXY)
graph.setLegends(["Sample"])
graphDistribution = distribution.drawSurvivalFunction(xmin, xmax, npoints, logScaleX)
graphDistribution.setLegends(["GPD"])
graph.add(graphDistribution)
graph.setLegendPosition("upper right")
graph.setTitle("GPD against the sample - n=%d" % (sample.getSize()))
view = viewer.View(graph)

Show all the graphs.

view.ShowAll()

OpenTURNS

An Open source initiative for the Treatment of Uncertainties, Risks'N Statistics

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