Create a Python function

In this example we are going to create a Function object (ie usable throughout the library) from a pure Python function.

The pure Python function to wrap must accept a sequence of floats and return a sequence of float.

import numpy as np
import openturns as ot
import math as m

ot.Log.Show(ot.Log.NONE)

define a pure Python function from R^3 to R^2

def regularFunc(X):
    x0, x1, x2 = X
    y0 = x0 + x1 + x2
    y1 = (x1 - 1.0) * m.exp(x0) * x2
    return [y0, y1]

create a Function object from a regular Python function

function = ot.PythonFunction(3, 2, regularFunc)

evaluate the function on a Point

x = [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]
print("x=", x, "f(x)=", function(x))

x= [1.0, 2.0, 3.0] f(x)= [6,8.15485]

evaluate the function on a Sample

xs = [[1.0, 2.0, 3.0], [4.0, 5.0, 6.0]]
print("xs=", xs, "\nf(xs)=", function(xs))

xs= [[1.0, 2.0, 3.0], [4.0, 5.0, 6.0]]
f(xs)=     [ y0         y1         ]
0 : [    6          8.15485 ]
1 : [   15       1310.36    ]

now we can use the Function object services such as the gradient

function.gradient(x)

[[ 1 8.15485 ]
[ 1 8.15485 ]
[ 1 2.71828 ]]

Performance issues

When this function is used internally to evaluate a Sample, it loops over its points. This requires many memory allocations; moreover this loop is done in Python, it may thus be slow if Sample is large. We can define a function to operate on a Sample, and return a Sample.

For maximum performance, argument is in fact not a Sample, but a wrapper object which contains a pointer to data. When using Numpy arrays without copies and loops, performance is similar to C code, but Python definition is somewhat convoluted; please refer to Numpy documentation to learn how to efficiently define such functions.

define the same function on a Sample

def regularFuncSample(X):
    # Create a numpy array with the contents of X without copy
    xarray = np.asarray(X)
    # Get columns as vectors, there is also no copy
    x0, x1, x2 = xarray.T
    # Allocate a numpy array to store result
    y = np.zeros((len(X), 2))
    y[:, 0] = x0 + x1 + x2
    y[:, 1] = (x1 - 1.0) * np.exp(x0) * x2
    return y

create a Function object from a regular Python function

functionSample = ot.PythonFunction(3, 2, func_sample=regularFuncSample)

evaluate the function on a Sample

print("xs=", xs, "\nf(xs)=", functionSample(xs))

xs= [[1.0, 2.0, 3.0], [4.0, 5.0, 6.0]]
f(xs)=     [ y0         y1         ]
0 : [    6          8.15485 ]
1 : [   15       1310.36    ]

evaluate the function on a Point

print("x=", x, "f(x)=", functionSample(x))

x= [1.0, 2.0, 3.0] f(x)= [6,8.15485]

The most efficient solution is to provide evaluations both on Point and Sample. This requires two Python function definitions, but if your code takes a lot of time, you should consider this option.

functionFast = ot.PythonFunction(3, 2, func=regularFunc, func_sample=regularFuncSample)