A quick start guide to graphs

# sphinx_gallery_thumbnail_number = 4

In this example, we show how to create graphs. We show how to create and configure its axes and its colors. We show how to create a plot based on the combination of several plots.

The draw method the Graph class

The simplest way to create a graph is to use the draw method. The Normal distribution for example provides a method to draw the density function of the gaussian distribution.

import openturns as ot
import openturns.viewer as viewer
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

ot.Log.Show(ot.Log.NONE)

n = ot.Normal()
n

Normal

• name=Normal
• dimension=1
• weight=1
• range=]-inf (-7.65063), (7.65063) +inf[
• description=[X0]
• isParallel=true
• isCopula=false

graph = n.drawPDF()
view = viewer.View(graph)

To configure the look of the plot, we can first observe the type of graph returned by the drawPDF method returns: it is a Graph.

graph = n.drawPDF()
type(graph)

The Graph class provides several methods to configure the legends, the title and the colors. Since a graph can contain several sub-graphs, the setColors takes a list of colors as inputs argument: each item of the list corresponds to the sub-graphs.

graph.setXTitle("N")
graph.setYTitle("PDF")
graph.setTitle("Probability density function of the standard gaussian distribution")
graph.setLegends(["N"])
graph.setColors(["blue"])
view = viewer.View(graph)

Combine several graphs

In order to combine several graphs, we can use the add method.

Let us create an empirical histogram from a sample.

sample = n.getSample(100)

histo = ot.HistogramFactory().build(sample).drawPDF()
view = viewer.View(histo)

Then we add the histogram to the graph with the add method. The graph then contains two plots.

graph.add(histo)
view = viewer.View(graph)

Draw a cloud

The Cloud class creates clouds of bidimensional points. To demonstrate it, let us create two gaussian distributions in two dimensions.

Create a Funky distribution

corr = ot.CorrelationMatrix(2)
corr[0, 1] = 0.2
copula = ot.NormalCopula(corr)
x1 = ot.Normal(-1.0, 1)
x2 = ot.Normal(2, 1)
x_funk = ot.JointDistribution([x1, x2], copula)

Create a Punk distribution

x1 = ot.Normal(1.0, 1)
x2 = ot.Normal(-2, 1)
x_punk = ot.JointDistribution([x1, x2], copula)

Let us mix these two distributions.

mixture = ot.Mixture([x_funk, x_punk], [0.5, 1.0])

n = 500
sample = mixture.getSample(n)

graph = ot.Graph("n=%d" % (n), "X1", "X2", True, "")
cloud = ot.Cloud(sample)
graph.add(cloud)
view = viewer.View(graph)

We sometimes want to customize the graph by choosing the type of point (square, triangle, circle, etc…), of line (continuous, dashed, etc…) or another parameter. We can know the list of possible values with the corresponding getValid method.

For example, the following function returns the possible values of the PointStyle parameter.

ot.Drawable.GetValidPointStyles()

[square,circle,triangleup,plus,times,diamond,triangledown,star,fsquare,fcircle,ftriangleup,fdiamond,bullet,dot,none,.,,,o,v,^,<,>,1,2,3,4,8,s,p,P,*,h,H,+,x,X,d,D,|,_,, ,None]

The following method returns the list of colors.

ot.Drawable.GetValidColors()[0:10]

[aliceblue,antiquewhite,antiquewhite1,antiquewhite2,antiquewhite3,antiquewhite4,aquamarine,aquamarine1,aquamarine2,aquamarine3]

In the following graph, we use the “aquamarine1” color with “fcircle” circles.

graph = ot.Graph("n=%d" % (n), "X1", "X2", True, "")
cloud = ot.Cloud(sample)
cloud.setColor("aquamarine1")
cloud.setPointStyle("fcircle")
graph.add(cloud)
view = viewer.View(graph)

Configure the style of points and the thickness of a curve

Assume that we want to plot the sine curve from -2 to 2. The simplest way is to use the draw method of the function.

g = ot.SymbolicFunction("x", "sin(x)")

graph = g.draw(-2, 2)
view = viewer.View(graph)

I would rather get a dashed curve: let us search for the available line styles.

ot.Drawable.GetValidLineStyles()

[blank,solid,dashed,dotted,dotdash,longdash,twodash]

In order to use the Curve class, it will be easier if we have a method to generate a Sample containing points regularly spaced in an interval.

def linearSample(xmin, xmax, npoints):
    """Returns a sample created from a regular grid
    from xmin to xmax with npoints points."""
    step = (xmax - xmin) / (npoints - 1)
    rg = ot.RegularGrid(xmin, step, npoints)
    vertices = rg.getVertices()
    return vertices

x = linearSample(-2, 2, 50)
y = g(x)

graph = ot.Graph("Sinus", "x", "sin(x)", True)
curve = ot.Curve(x, y)
curve.setLineStyle("dashed")
curve.setLineWidth(4)
graph.add(curve)
view = viewer.View(graph)

Create colored curves

In some situations, we want to create curves with different colors. In this case, the following function generates a color corresponding to the indexCurve integer in a ensemble of maximumNumberOfCurves curves.

def createHSVColor(indexCurve, maximumNumberOfCurves):
    """Create a HSV color for the indexCurve-th curve
    from a sample with maximum size equal to maximumNumberOfCurves"""
    color = ot.Drawable.ConvertFromHSV(
        indexCurve * 360.0 / maximumNumberOfCurves, 1.0, 1.0
    )
    return color

pofa = ot.HermiteFactory()

graph = ot.Graph("Orthonormal Hermite polynomials", "x", "y", True, "lower right")
degreemax = 5
for k in range(degreemax):
    pk = pofa.build(k)
    curve = pk.draw(-3.0, 3.0, 50)
    curve.setLegends(["P%d" % (k)])
    curve.setColors([createHSVColor(k, degreemax)])
    graph.add(curve)
view = viewer.View(graph)

Create matrices of graphs

The library provides features to create a grid of graphs. However, we can use the add_subplot function from Matplotlib.

Let us create two graphs of the PDF and CDF of the following gaussian distribution..

n = ot.Normal()
myPDF = n.drawPDF()
myCDF = n.drawCDF()

Using ~openturns.GridLayout.

grid = ot.GridLayout(1, 2)
grid.setGraph(0, 0, myPDF)
grid.setGraph(0, 1, myCDF)
_ = viewer.View(grid)

Another method is to create a figure with the figure function from Matplotlib, then add two graphs with the add_subplot function. We use the viewer.View function to create the required Matplotlib object. Since we are not interested by the output of the View function, we use the dummy variable _ as output. The title is finally configured with suptitle.

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(12, 4))
ax_pdf = fig.add_subplot(1, 2, 1)
_ = viewer.View(myPDF, figure=fig, axes=[ax_pdf])
ax_cdf = fig.add_subplot(1, 2, 2)
_ = viewer.View(myCDF, figure=fig, axes=[ax_cdf])
_ = fig.suptitle("The gaussian")

Save a plot into a file

The View class has a save method which saves the graph into an image.

n = ot.Normal()
graph = n.drawPDF()
view = viewer.View(graph)
view.save("normal.png")

We can use the dpi option to configure the resolution in dots per inch.

view.save("normal-100dpi.png", dpi=100)

Configure the size of a graph with matplotlib

We first create a graph containing the PDF of a gaussian distribution

n = ot.Normal()
graph = n.drawPDF()

The figure_kw keyword argument sets the optional arguments of the figure. In the following statement, we set the figure size in inches

view = viewer.View(graph, figure_kw={"figsize": (12, 8)})

The getFigure method returns the current figure. This allows one to configure it as any other Matplotlib figure. In the following example, we configure the suptitle.

fig = view.getFigure()
fig.suptitle("The suptitle")
fig

<Figure size 1200x800 with 1 Axes>

The plot_kw optional argument sets the arguments of the plot. In the following example, we set the color of the plot in blue.

view = viewer.View(graph, plot_kw={"color": "blue"})
plt.show()