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Bayesian calibration of the flooding model¶

Abstract¶

The goal of this example is to present the Bayesian calibration of the flooding model. We use the RandomWalkMetropolisHastings and Gibbs classes and simulate a sample of the posterior distribution using The Metropolis-Hastings Algorithm.

Parameters to calibrate¶

The vector of parameters to calibrate is:

$\vect{\theta} = (K_s,Z_v,Z_m).$

The variables to calibrate are $(K_s,Z_v,Z_m)$ and are set to the following values:

$K_s = 30, \qquad Z_v = 50, \qquad Z_m = 55.$

Observations¶

In this section, we describe the statistical model associated with the $n$ observations. The errors of the water heights are associated with a gaussian distribution with a zero mean and a standard variation equal to:

$\sigma=0.1.$

Therefore, the observed water heights are:

$H_i = G(Q_i,K_s,Z_v,Z_m) + \epsilon_i$

for $i=1,...,n$ where

$\epsilon \sim \mathcal{N}(0,\sigma^2)$

and we make the hypothesis that the observation errors are independent. We consider a sample size equal to:

n=20.

The observations are the couples $\{(Q_i,H_i)\}_{i=1,...,n}$ , i.e. each observation is a couple made of the flowrate and the corresponding river height.

Variables¶

$Q$ : Input. Observed.
$K_s$ , $Z_v$ , $Z_m$ : Input. Calibrated.
$H$ : Output. Observed.

Analysis¶

In the description of the flooding model, we see that only one parameter can be identified. Hence, calibrating this model requires some regularization. In this example, we use Bayesian methods as a way to regularize the model.

Generate the observations¶

import pylab as pl
from openturns.usecases import flood_model
import openturns.viewer as viewer
import numpy as np
import openturns as ot

ot.Log.Show(ot.Log.NONE)

A basic implementation of the probabilistic model is available in the usecases module :

fm = flood_model.FloodModel()

We define the model $g$ which has 4 inputs and one output H.

The nonlinear least squares does not take into account for bounds in the parameters. Therefore, we ensure that the output is computed whatever the inputs. The model fails into two situations:

if $K_s<0$ ,
if $Z_v-Z_m<0$ .

In these cases, we return an infinite number.

def functionFlooding(X):
    L = 5.0e3
    B = 300.0
    Q, K_s, Z_v, Z_m = X
    alpha = (Z_m - Z_v) / L
    if alpha < 0.0 or K_s <= 0.0:
        H = np.inf
    else:
        H = (Q / (K_s * B * np.sqrt(alpha))) ** (3.0 / 5.0)
    return [H]

g = ot.PythonFunction(4, 1, functionFlooding)
g = ot.MemoizeFunction(g)
g.setOutputDescription(["H (m)"])

We load the input distribution for $Q$ .

Q = fm.Q

Set the parameters to be calibrated.

K_s = ot.Dirac(30.0)
Z_v = ot.Dirac(50.0)
Z_m = ot.Dirac(55.0)
K_s.setDescription(["Ks (m^(1/3)/s)"])
Z_v.setDescription(["Zv (m)"])
Z_m.setDescription(["Zm (m)"])

We create the joint input distribution.

inputRandomVector = ot.ComposedDistribution([Q, K_s, Z_v, Z_m])

Create a Monte-Carlo sample of the output $H$ .

nbobs = 20
inputSample = inputRandomVector.getSample(nbobs)
outputH = g(inputSample)

Generate the observation noise and add it to the output of the model.

sigmaObservationNoiseH = 0.1  # (m)
noiseH = ot.Normal(0.0, sigmaObservationNoiseH)
ot.RandomGenerator.SetSeed(0)
sampleNoiseH = noiseH.getSample(nbobs)
Hobs = outputH + sampleNoiseH

Plot the Y observations versus the X observations.

Qobs = inputSample[:, 0]

graph = ot.Graph("Observations", "Q (m3/s)", "H (m)", True)
cloud = ot.Cloud(Qobs, Hobs)
graph.add(cloud)
view = viewer.View(graph)

Setting the calibration parameters¶

Define the parametric model $\vect z = f_Q(\vect\theta)$ that associates each observation $Q$ and value of the parameters $\vect \theta = (K_s, Z_v, Z_m)$ to the parameters of the distribution of the corresponding observation: here $\vect z=(\mu, \sigma)$ with $\mu = G(Q, K_s, Z_v, Z_m)$ and $\sigma = 0.5$ .

def fullModelPy(X):
    Q, K_s, Z_v, Z_m = X
    mu = g(X)[0]
    sigma = 0.5  # (m^2) The standard deviation of the observation error.
    return [mu, sigma]


fullModel = ot.PythonFunction(4, 2, fullModelPy)
linkFunction = ot.ParametricFunction(fullModel, [0], [np.nan])
print(linkFunction)

ParametricEvaluation(class=PythonEvaluation name=OpenTURNSPythonFunction, parameters positions=[0], parameters=[x0 : nan], input positions=[1,2,3])

Define the value of the reference values of the $\vect\theta$ parameter. In the Bayesian framework, this is called the mean of the prior Gaussian distribution. In the data assimilation framework, this is called the background.

KsInitial = 20.0
ZvInitial = 49.0
ZmInitial = 51.0
parameterPriorMean = [KsInitial, ZvInitial, ZmInitial]
paramDim = len(parameterPriorMean)

Define the covariance matrix of the parameters $\vect\theta$ to calibrate.

sigmaKs = 5.0
sigmaZv = 1.0
sigmaZm = 1.0

parameterPriorCovariance = ot.CovarianceMatrix(paramDim)
parameterPriorCovariance[0, 0] = sigmaKs**2
parameterPriorCovariance[1, 1] = sigmaZv**2
parameterPriorCovariance[2, 2] = sigmaZm**2

Define the prior distribution $\pi(\vect\theta)$ of the parameter $\vect\theta$

prior = ot.Normal(parameterPriorMean, parameterPriorCovariance)
prior.setDescription(["Ks", "Zv", "Zm"])

Define the distribution of observations $\vect{y} | \vect{z}$ conditional on model predictions.

Note that its parameter dimension is the one of $\vect{z}$ , so the model must be adjusted accordingly. In other words, the input argument of the setParameter method of the conditional distribution must be equal to the dimension of the output of the model. Hence, we do not have to set the actual parameters: only the type of distribution is used.

conditional = ot.Normal()

The proposed steps for $K_s$ $Z_v$ and $Z_m$ will all follow uniform distributions, but with different supports.

proposal = [ot.Uniform(-5.0, 5.0), ot.Uniform(-1.0, 1.0), ot.Uniform(-1.0, 1.0)]

Build a Gibbs sampler¶

initialState = parameterPriorMean
mh_coll = [
    ot.RandomWalkMetropolisHastings(prior, initialState, proposal[i], [i])
    for i in range(paramDim)
]
for mh in mh_coll:
    mh.setLikelihood(conditional, Hobs, linkFunction, Qobs)
sampler = ot.Gibbs(mh_coll)

Generate a sample from the posterior distribution of $\vect \theta$ .

sampleSize = 1000
sample = sampler.getSample(sampleSize)

Look at the acceptance rates of the random walk Metropolis-Hastings samplers.

[mh.getAcceptanceRate() for mh in sampler.getMetropolisHastingsCollection()]

[0.348, 0.362, 0.393]

Build the distribution of the posterior by kernel smoothing.

kernel = ot.KernelSmoothing()
posterior = kernel.build(sample)

Display prior vs posterior for each parameter.

def plot_bayesian_prior_vs_posterior_pdf(prior, posterior):
    """
    Plot the prior and posterior distribution of a Bayesian calibration

    Parameters
    ----------
    prior : ot.Distribution(dimension)
        The prior.
    posterior : ot.Distribution(dimension)
        The posterior.

    Return
    ------
    grid : ot.GridLayout(1, dimension)
        The prior and posterior PDF for each marginal.
    """
    palette = ot.Drawable.BuildDefaultPalette(2)
    paramDim = prior.getDimension()
    grid = ot.GridLayout(1, paramDim)
    parameterNames = prior.getDescription()
    for parameter_index in range(paramDim):
        graph = ot.Graph("", parameterNames[parameter_index], "PDF", True)
        # Prior
        curve = prior.getMarginal(parameter_index).drawPDF().getDrawable(0)
        curve.setLineStyle(
            ot.ResourceMap.GetAsString("CalibrationResult-PriorLineStyle")
        )
        curve.setLegend("Prior")
        graph.add(curve)
        # Posterior
        curve = posterior.getMarginal(parameter_index).drawPDF().getDrawable(0)
        curve.setLineStyle(
            ot.ResourceMap.GetAsString("CalibrationResult-PosteriorLineStyle")
        )
        curve.setLegend("Posterior")
        graph.add(curve)
        #
        if parameter_index < paramDim - 1:
            graph.setLegends([""])
        if parameter_index > 0:
            graph.setYTitle("")
        graph.setColors(palette)
        graph.setLegendPosition("upper right")
        grid.setGraph(0, parameter_index, graph)
    grid.setTitle("Bayesian calibration")
    return grid

sphinx_gallery_thumbnail_number = 2

grid = plot_bayesian_prior_vs_posterior_pdf(prior, posterior)
viewer.View(
    grid,
    figure_kw={"figsize": (8.0, 3.0)},
    legend_kw={"bbox_to_anchor": (1.0, 1.0), "loc": "upper left"},
)
pl.subplots_adjust(right=0.8, bottom=0.2, wspace=0.3)

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